(Co-authored with Lekha Chakraborty)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly emerging as a general-purpose technology with the potential to drive significant productivity growth and reshape labour markets worldwide. Yet, as historical technological shifts have shown, its benefits are often unevenly distributed—both across countries and within them. In G20 economies, nations that …

(Co-authored with Lekha Chakraborty)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a distant promise—it is reshaping economies, labour markets, and societies at unprecedented speed. Yet, reliably measuring its spread remains challenging for policymakers. How do we capture not just frontier breakthroughs but also the broader diffusion that determines who benefits?

Existing …